[et_pb_section bb_built=”1″ admin_label=”section” inner_width=”auto” inner_max_width=”1080px”][et_pb_row admin_label=”row” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial” width=”80%” max_width=”1080px”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ custom_padding__hover=”|||” custom_padding=”|||”][et_pb_text use_border_color=”off” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” background_size=”initial” _builder_version=”4.9.2″ text_text_shadow_horizontal_length=”text_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ text_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” text_text_shadow_vertical_length=”text_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ text_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” text_text_shadow_blur_strength=”text_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ text_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” link_text_shadow_horizontal_length=”link_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ link_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” link_text_shadow_vertical_length=”link_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ link_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” link_text_shadow_blur_strength=”link_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ link_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” ul_text_shadow_horizontal_length=”ul_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ ul_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” ul_text_shadow_vertical_length=”ul_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ ul_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” ul_text_shadow_blur_strength=”ul_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ ul_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” ol_text_shadow_horizontal_length=”ol_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ ol_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” ol_text_shadow_vertical_length=”ol_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ ol_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” ol_text_shadow_blur_strength=”ol_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ ol_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” quote_text_shadow_horizontal_length=”quote_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ quote_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” quote_text_shadow_vertical_length=”quote_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ quote_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” quote_text_shadow_blur_strength=”quote_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ quote_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_text_shadow_horizontal_length=”header_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_text_shadow_vertical_length=”header_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_text_shadow_blur_strength=”header_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_2_text_shadow_horizontal_length=”header_2_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_2_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_2_text_shadow_vertical_length=”header_2_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_2_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_2_text_shadow_blur_strength=”header_2_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_2_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_3_text_shadow_horizontal_length=”header_3_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_3_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_3_text_shadow_vertical_length=”header_3_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_3_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_3_text_shadow_blur_strength=”header_3_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_3_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_4_text_shadow_horizontal_length=”header_4_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_4_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_4_text_shadow_vertical_length=”header_4_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_4_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_4_text_shadow_blur_strength=”header_4_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_4_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_5_text_shadow_horizontal_length=”header_5_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_5_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_5_text_shadow_vertical_length=”header_5_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_5_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_5_text_shadow_blur_strength=”header_5_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_5_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_6_text_shadow_horizontal_length=”header_6_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_6_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_6_text_shadow_vertical_length=”header_6_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_6_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_6_text_shadow_blur_strength=”header_6_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_6_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” box_shadow_horizontal_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_vertical_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_blur_tablet=”40px” box_shadow_spread_tablet=”0px” vertical_offset_tablet=”0″ horizontal_offset_tablet=”0″ z_index_tablet=”0″]<\/p>\n
What are the advantages of plant cover? How do the plants compete with the vines? Which species should I choose? This article answers the winegrower\u2019s questions about the use of plant cover in the vineyard.<\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0<\/p>\n Plant cover means planting vegetation between the rows of vines.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/p>\n Plant cover provides an important source of organic matter that promotes biological activity and life in the soil. It also has a structuring role, increasing the stability, porosity and bearing capacity of the soil. Good plant cover will also protect plots from runoff and its negative consequences. Plant cover limits erosion as well as the transfer of pesticides caused by rainfall. This technique therefore represents a significant advantage for biodiversity and offers an array of services for the environment.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/p>\n Plant cover competes with the vines for water and nitrogen, which can lead to a reduction in vigour and possibly a reduction in yields for the vine. Climate, soil, the type of plant and the type of vine all play a role in this process. The climate plays a major role as it differs from one region to another or from one year to the next, depending on the amount of sunshine and rainfall. Soil also has a strong impact due to its capacity to retain water, its organic matter content and its depth. The type of plant cover will have consequences that vary depending on the species chosen and its life cycle in correlation with the age of the vine, its vigour, its yield and the management techniques used.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/p>\n Over the last twenty years, numerous trials have been conducted and the findings reveal that the least competitive species for vines are the annual species (legumes and grasses). These plants complete their cycle early in the year (in May) and disappear during the summer season, avoiding competition at the most opportune time. They return in autumn but this seasonality makes them very dependent on climatic variations and they do not generally last more than two years. \u00a0<\/p>\n Spontaneous plant cover, which is often the simplest option, should not be neglected: no sowing is required and the species are, by definition, adapted to the climate and the soil. They are easy to kill, which is also an advantage in managing competition and facilitates overall technical management.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/p>\n The decision to establish plant cover must be made plot by plot and the objectives sought (competition, soil structure, erosion, etc.) defined in advance. Once established, these objectives will determine the percentage of area to be planted and the choice of species to be sown if you have not opted for natural plant cover. \u00a0<\/p>\n It is preferable to sow in the autumn, as early as possible after the harvest (or even earlier in a Mediterranean climate). Spring sowing is also possible but will be more difficult to establish. Before sowing, carry out shallow soil milling to break up the soil and eliminate weeds. If the vine needs fertilizing, the fertilizer should be applied in-row or carried out by foliar application between the flowering and closing stages of the bunch.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/p>\n The level of competition depends mainly on the vintage and rainfall. Over several years, we can see that the rainiest vintages are those that result in the least competition from the plant cover. The objective is therefore to adapt depending on the rainfall of the vintage. Irrigation limits competition from plant cover. If you cannot irrigate, the solution lies in destroying the plant cover, but you have to know when and how to do it depending on the year and the winter rains.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/p>\n The aim of current research is to rethink vineyard management techniques by including in-row plant cover. The aim is to develop herbicide-free techniques with reduced plant cover (around 30% of the surface area) solely under the vine rows, to avoid excessive competition. We need to know if this type of technique permits simpler row maintenance than mechanical weeding, reducing or even completely eliminating the need for mowing depending on the species. The results of trials conducted in recent years support the researchers’ belief that if the area under plant cover is reduced to a minimum, there is little to no competition. They are now turning their attention to the mechanisation of these operations. The solution could come from robotics, which will completely change vineyard management techniques by requiring less manpower and shorter mowing periods, which could further reduce competition from grass.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/p>\n A recent study of 334 winegrowers in Languedoc-Roussillon showed that the main obstacle to establishing plant cover was the fear of excessive competition for the vines. A large majority of the respondents express the same doubts about potential water stress and yield reduction. These fears are indeed verified, as plant cover can lead to a reduction in vine vigour and yield, to a greater or lesser extent. The aim is therefore to find the right amount and method of plant cover, depending on the geographical area and individual needs. The ultimate goal is that each plot of vine should be able to enjoy the benefits of plant cover, while reducing competition from the plants to a minimum.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" What are the advantages of plant cover? How do the plants compete with the vines? Which species should I choose? <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":16309,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":" [et_pb_section bb_built=\"1\" admin_label=\"section\"][et_pb_row admin_label=\"row\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" background_size=\"initial\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\"][et_pb_text use_border_color=\"off\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" background_size=\"initial\" _builder_version=\"3.7\"]<\/p> Les techniques modernes de g\u00e9notypage et d\u2019analyse de l\u2019ADN ont r\u00e9volutionn\u00e9 l\u2019amp\u00e9lographie. Elles permettent de diff\u00e9rencier les grands groupes au sein de l\u2019esp\u00e8ce\u00a0Vitis vinifera<\/em>\u00a0et de distinguer les vari\u00e9t\u00e9s sans attendre le d\u00e9veloppement des plants.<\/strong><\/p> Le terme amp\u00e9lographie vient du grec \u00abampelos\u00bb qui signifie vigne et de \u00abgraphie\u00bb qui se rapporte \u00e0 la description. Propos\u00e9 pour la premi\u00e8re fois en 1661 par le Docteur Sachs dans l\u2019ouvrage Ampelographia, ce terme regroupe aujourd\u2019hui \u00e0 la fois la description et l\u2019identification des c\u00e9pages, l\u2019\u00e9tude de leur \u00e9volution et des relations qui existent ente eux et la connaissance de leur comportement vis \u00e0 vis du milieu (aptitudes culturales et oenologiques). Pendant longtemps, l\u2019amp\u00e9lographie ne s\u2019est bas\u00e9e que sur l\u2019observation visuelle de la vigne, en particulier sur la morphologie des feuilles, des rameaux et des grappes. Parmi une centaine de descripteurs codifi\u00e9s pour d\u00e9crire les diff\u00e9rents organes de la vigne,\u00a014 descripteurs primaires prioritaires ont \u00e9t\u00e9 retenus par l\u2019OIV pour leur bon pouvoir discriminant entre les vari\u00e9t\u00e9s. Plus r\u00e9cemment, l\u2019amp\u00e9lographie s\u2019est dot\u00e9e de nouveaux outils comme la chimiotaxonomie (\u00e9tudes des compos\u00e9s du m\u00e9tabolisme secondaire) ou les marqueurs biochimiques (isozymes). La v\u00e9ritable r\u00e9volution est n\u00e9e de l\u2019incorporation \u00e0 l\u2019amp\u00e9lographie de techniques g\u00e9n\u00e9tiques \u00e0 partir des ann\u00e9es 1990. Le marquage mol\u00e9culaire et le s\u00e9quen\u00e7age de l\u2019ADN ont permis d\u2019avoir acc\u00e8s non seulement au ph\u00e9notype mais aussi directement au g\u00e9notype de fa\u00e7on pr\u00e9coce sans avoir besoin d\u2019attendre un d\u00e9veloppement complet de la plante. L\u2019ADN n\u00e9cessaire pour ce type d\u2019analyse peut \u00eatre extrait \u00e0 partir de quelques dizaines de milligrammes de mat\u00e9riel v\u00e9g\u00e9tal et de n\u2019importe quel organe ou partie de la plante (feuilles, baies, sarments, racines...)<\/p> [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text admin_label=\"Lire la suite\" _builder_version=\"3.7\" saved_tabs=\"all\"]<\/p> Qu'est-ce que l'ADN et comment est-il structur\u00e9 ?<\/strong><\/p> L\u2019acide d\u00e9soxyribonucl\u00e9ique, ou ADN, est une mol\u00e9cule, pr\u00e9sente dans toutes les cellules vivantes, qui renferme l\u2019ensemble des informations n\u00e9cessaires au d\u00e9veloppement et au fonctionnement d\u2019un organisme. C\u2019est aussi le support de l\u2019h\u00e9r\u00e9dit\u00e9 car il est transmis lors de la reproduction, de mani\u00e8re int\u00e9grale ou non. Il porte donc l\u2019information g\u00e9n\u00e9tique et constitue le g\u00e9nome des \u00eatres vivants. L\u2019ADN d\u00e9termine la synth\u00e8se des prot\u00e9ines, par l\u2019interm\u00e9diaire de l\u2019ARN. Cette double h\u00e9lice est compos\u00e9e de s\u00e9quences de nucl\u00e9otides constitu\u00e9s d\u2019un groupe phosphate li\u00e9 \u00e0 un sucre, le d\u00e9soxyribose, lui-m\u00eame li\u00e9 \u00e0 une base azot\u00e9e. Il existe quatre bases azot\u00e9es diff\u00e9rentes dont la cytosine (not\u00e9e C) et la thymine (not\u00e9e T) de la famille des pyrimidines et l\u2019ad\u00e9nine (not\u00e9e A) et la guanine (not\u00e9e G) de la famille des purines. Dans les cellules v\u00e9g\u00e9tales, l\u2019ADN est localis\u00e9 dans le noyau et dans les chloroplastes. Les chloroplastes sont des organites essentiels qui permettent de capter la lumi\u00e8re \u00e0 l\u2019origine de la photosynth\u00e8se.<\/p> A quelles techniques l'amp\u00e9lographie mol\u00e9culaire fait-elle appel ?<\/strong><\/p> L\u2019amp\u00e9lographie mol\u00e9culaire fait appel \u00e0 l\u2019analyse de plusieurs types de marqueurs sur l\u2019ADN, qui permettent de diff\u00e9rencier les individus avec certitude :<\/p> Qu'a permis d'apprendre l'amp\u00e9lographie mol\u00e9culaire sur l'origine de la vigne?<\/strong><\/p> Les travaux r\u00e9alis\u00e9s par l\u2019\u00e9quipe de Jean-Pierre P\u00e9ros de l\u2019INRA de Montpellier ont permis de mettre en \u00e9vidence le caract\u00e8re ancestral des esp\u00e8ces de vigne asiatiques qui seraient \u00e0 la fois \u00e0 l\u2019origine de l\u2019esp\u00e8ce europ\u00e9enne Vitis vinifera et des esp\u00e8ces am\u00e9ricaines. En ce qui concerne ces derni\u00e8res, il se serait produit deux \u00e9v\u00e9nements distincts de dispersion depuis l\u2019Eurasie vers l\u2019Am\u00e9rique : un \u00e9ven\u00e9ment \u00e0 l\u2019origine des esp\u00e8ces du centre et de l\u2019Est (Vitis labrusca, Vitis riparia,<\/em>\u00a0Vitis rupestris<\/em>\u00a0et\u00a0Vitis berlandieri<\/em>), l\u2019autre \u00e0 l\u2019origine des esp\u00e8ces californiennes (Vitis californica<\/em>). L\u2019analyse des micro-satellites a permis \u00e9galement de diff\u00e9rencier les vraies vignes sauvages europ\u00e9ennes\u00a0(Vitis vinifera subsp. sylvestris)<\/em>\u00a0appel\u00e9es aussi lambrusques des vari\u00e9t\u00e9s cultiv\u00e9es. Au sein de ce compartiment cultiv\u00e9, ces analyses ont permis de r\u00e9partir objectivement les vari\u00e9t\u00e9s en cinq grands groupes g\u00e9ographiques en relation avec leurs aptitudes.<\/p> Qu'a permis d'apprendre l'amp\u00e9lographie mol\u00e9culaire sur les liens de parent\u00e9 entre c\u00e9pages ?<\/strong><\/p> L\u2019analyse par micro-satellites des 2300 c\u00e9pages traditionnels conserv\u00e9s au Domaine de Vassal (INRA de Marseillan) a permis de constituer une base de donn\u00e9es compl\u00e8te et unique dans son genre. Lorsque sur l\u2019ensemble des marqueurs d\u2019une vari\u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9tudi\u00e9e, on peut trouver par comparaison deux autres c\u00e9pages ayant chacun la moiti\u00e9 des valeurs d\u00e9termin\u00e9es, il existe une forte probabilit\u00e9 que par croisement ces deux c\u00e9pages aient donn\u00e9 naissance au troisi\u00e8me. Il est m\u00eame parfois possible de d\u00e9terminer pour un croisement donn\u00e9 quel est le p\u00e8re d\u2019o\u00f9 provient le pollen et la m\u00e8re qui a port\u00e9 le fruit. En effet, c\u2019est la m\u00e8re qui fournit au futur descendant, l\u2019ensemble de sa \u00abmachinerie m\u00e9tabolique\u00bb en particulier ses chloroplastes. Ces derniers contiennent \u00e9galement de l\u2019ADN sur lequel on a pu d\u00e9terminer certains marqueurs g\u00e9n\u00e9tiques.<\/p> Il a ainsi \u00e9t\u00e9 montr\u00e9 que le Gouais B, vari\u00e9t\u00e9 blanche sans grand int\u00e9r\u00eat oenologique, \u00e9tait un g\u00e9niteur important de nos c\u00e9pages. Par exemple, par croisement avec un Pinot, il a engendr\u00e9 le Chardonnay B, l\u2019Aligot\u00e9 B, l\u2019Auxerrois B, le Melon B et le Gamay N. Avec d\u2019autres parents souvent inconnus, il est \u00e9galement \u00e0 l\u2019origine entre autre de la Jacqu\u00e8re B, du Grolleau N, du\u00a0Colombard B, du Riesling B ou m\u00eame du\u00a0Saint-C\u00f4me B\u00a0aveyronnais. Plus r\u00e9cemment, une \u00e9tude men\u00e9e par Jean-Michel Boursiquot et d\u2019autres collaborateurs, publi\u00e9e fin 2008 dans une revue scientifique australienne, a permis d\u2019identifier la parent\u00e9 du Merlot N. Lors de prospections r\u00e9alis\u00e9es dans des vieilles parcelles de vignes en Bretagne et dans les Charentes, un c\u00e9page original et inconnu des collections a pu \u00eatre identifi\u00e9 : la Magdeleine noire des Charentes. Les analyses ont confirm\u00e9 que ce c\u00e9page tr\u00e8s ancien \u00e9tait la m\u00e8re du Merlot N et du\u00a0Cot N\u00a0(Malbec). On savait \u00e9galement que le\u00a0Prunelard N\u00a0et le Malbec \u00e9taient apparent\u00e9s sans conna\u00eetre le sens de filiation. On sait dor\u00e9navant que le Prunelard N est le p\u00e8re du Malbec. Le sh\u00e9ma ci-dessous (figure 1) issu de la publication illustre quelques liens de parent\u00e9 entre les c\u00e9pages.<\/p> \u00a0Quels sont les exemples les plus marquants d'identification vari\u00e9tale r\u00e9ussie \u00e0 l'aide de l'amp\u00e9lographie mol\u00e9culaire ?<\/strong><\/p> En 2009, Jean-Michel Boursiquot et Laurent Audeguin du P\u00f4le Mat\u00e9riel V\u00e9g\u00e9tal de l\u2019IFV, ont pu mettre en \u00e9vidence, un faux Albarinho B lors d\u2019une mission en Australie. Depuis de nombreuses ann\u00e9es, les viticulteurs locaux croyaient cultiver cette vari\u00e9t\u00e9 originaire de la fa\u00e7ade ouest de la p\u00e9ninsule ib\u00e9rique mais rapidement nos coll\u00e8gues ont d\u00e9termin\u00e9 qu\u2019il s\u2019agissait en fait du Savagnin B. Ce r\u00e9sultat a \u00e9t\u00e9 confirm\u00e9 peu de temps apr\u00e8s leur retour en France, gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 l\u2019analyse g\u00e9n\u00e9tique d\u2019ADN pr\u00e9lev\u00e9 sur place et apr\u00e8s confrontation aux bases de donn\u00e9es existantes (IFV, INRA). Pour l\u2019anecdote, la m\u00eame histoire s\u2019\u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 produite au Chili pr\u00e8s de vingt ans auparavant et bien avant l\u2019utilisation des marqueurs g\u00e9n\u00e9tiques. La Carmen\u00e8re N y avait longtemps \u00e9t\u00e9 confondue par les viticulteurs avec le Merlot N. Dans la r\u00e9gion, ces techniques ont permis \u00e0 l\u2019IFV Sud-Ouest d\u2019identifier toutes les anciennes vari\u00e9t\u00e9s maintenues dans les conservatoires r\u00e9gionaux et d\u2019introduire dans les collections des c\u00e9pages originaux qui n\u2019y figuraient pas tels le Moural N de l\u2019Aveyron, le Bouysselet B de Fronton et d\u2019autres vari\u00e9t\u00e9s sans d\u00e9nomination \u00e0 ce jour... .<\/p> L'amp\u00e9lographie mol\u00e9culaire permet-elle de distinguer les clones ?<\/strong><\/p> Pour l\u2019instant, l\u2019amp\u00e9lographie mol\u00e9culaire ne permet pas de distinguer les clones d\u2019un m\u00eame c\u00e9page, car il existe tr\u00e8s peu de diff\u00e9rence intra-vari\u00e9tale au niveau des micro-satellites. Cependant, les nouvelles m\u00e9thodes de s\u00e9quen\u00e7age de l\u2019ADN \u00e0 tr\u00e8s haut d\u00e9bit permettent maintenant d\u2019envisager le res\u00e9quen\u00e7age du g\u00e9nome de diff\u00e9rents individus. Cette approche a \u00e9t\u00e9 choisie pour essayer de d\u00e9tecter les diff\u00e9rences g\u00e9n\u00e9tiques pouvant exister entre clones. Au cours d\u2019une th\u00e8se men\u00e9e par Gr\u00e9gory Carrier dans le cadre de l\u2019UMT G\u00e9no-Vigne\u00ae et encadr\u00e9e par l\u2019IFV, Montpellier SupAgro et l\u2019INRA, trois clones de Pinot Noir ont \u00e9t\u00e9 analys\u00e9s. Les r\u00e9sultats ont permis de mettre en \u00e9vidence le r\u00f4le pr\u00e9pond\u00e9rant des \u00e9l\u00e9ments mobiles (r\u00e9tro-transposons) dans le polymorphisme g\u00e9n\u00e9tique d\u00e9tect\u00e9 entre ces clones. Sur cette base, une analyse pr\u00e9liminaire de diversit\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019aide de marqueurs SSAP a permis d\u2019obtenir des profils uniques pour tous les clones de Pinot Noir en collection. Cependant, une s\u00e9lection de ces marqueurs et une validation de leur stabilit\u00e9 et de leur r\u00e9p\u00e9tabilit\u00e9 doivent encore \u00eatre r\u00e9alis\u00e9es avant de pouvoir envisager une identification fiable des diff\u00e9rents clones.<\/p> [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>","_et_gb_content_width":"","_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[139],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-17520","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-environment"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vignevin.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17520","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vignevin.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vignevin.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vignevin.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vignevin.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=17520"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.vignevin.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17520\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vignevin.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/16309"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vignevin.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=17520"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vignevin.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=17520"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vignevin.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=17520"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}1. What is plant cover?<\/strong><\/h5>\n
2. What are the advantages of plant cover?<\/strong><\/h5>\n
3. How do the plants compete with the vines?<\/strong><\/h5>\n
4. Which species of plant should I choose?<\/strong><\/h5>\n
The choice of species has to be considered in the light of the soil and climate situation and the qualitative objectives pursued. Depending on whether you want to use green manure, in-row plant cover, to focus on biodiversity, aesthetics or even having plant cover on the headlands, there is a wide range of plant species to choose from. Mixes of species are available to winegrowers, and the choice must be made in consultation with the technician. Legumes (clover, alfalfa) are experiencing renewed interest and studies are being continued.<\/p>\n5. What about spontaneous plant cover?<\/strong><\/h5>\n
6. How do I choose which plant cover to use?<\/strong><\/h5>\n
The species must be chosen first and foremost on the basis of the degree of competition desired or acceptable on the plot; the other criteria allow the choice to be narrowed down. It is often interesting to sow a mixture rather than a single species. This choice guarantees a better establishment of the plant cover.<\/p>\n7. When should you sow your plant cover?<\/strong><\/h5>\n
8. Plant cover or no plant cover?<\/strong><\/h5>\n
9. What are the future prospects for plant cover?<\/strong><\/h5>\n
10. Why do we see little plant cover in Mediterranean vineyards?<\/strong><\/h5>\n